Studies focused on similarities and differences in athletic performance within families, including between twins, suggest that genetic factors underlie 30 to 80 percent of the differences among individuals in traits related to athletic performance. Many studies have investigated variations in specific genes thought to be involved in these traits, comparing athletes with nonathletes. These genes influence the fiber type that makes up muscles, and they have been linked to strength and endurance.
Some people have this variant in both copies of the gene; this genetic pattern genotype is referred to as XX. Some studies have found that the XX genotype is more common among high-performing endurance athletes for example, cyclists and long-distance runners than in the general population, while other studies have not supported these findings. The RR genotype is associated with a high proportion of fast-twitch fibers and is seen more commonly in athletes who rely on strength or speed, such as short-distance runners.
The ACE gene provides instructions for making a protein called angiotensin-converting enzyme, which converts a hormone called angiotensin I to another form called angiotensin II. Angiotensin II helps control blood pressure and may also influence skeletal muscle function, although this role is not completely understood.
Individuals can have two copies of a version called the D allele, which is known as the DD pattern, two copies of a version called the I allele, known as the II pattern, or one copy of each version, called the ID pattern. Of the three patterns, DD is associated with the highest levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme. The DD pattern is thought to be related to a higher proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers and greater speed. Many other genes with diverse functions have been associated with athletic performance.
Some are involved in the function of skeletal muscles, while others play roles in the production of energy for cells, communication between nerve cells, or other cellular processes. Other studies have examined variations across the entire genomes an approach called genome-wide association studies or GWAS of elite athletes to determine whether specific areas of the genome are associated with athleticism. More than different variations linked to athletic performance have been identified in these studies; however, most have been found in only one or a few studies, and the significance of most of these genetic changes have not been identified.
It is likely that a large number of genes are involved, each of which makes only a small contribution to athletic performance. Athletic performance is also strongly influenced by the environment. Additionally, the availability of resources can encourage and foster more athletic success and development. Furthermore, more professional athletes tend to come from California, Texas, or Florida, all warm-weather climates, compared to the other states. Not only does this give them more Vitamin D year round, but the chance for more outdoor play all year, as well.
Wondering more about the genetics traits your baby will inherit? Jacqueline Weiss is a blogger, freelance writer and social media consultant based in Los Angeles. A graduate of Emerson college, she is passionate about wellness, fitness, and beauty. Jacqueline Weiss. Athletes tend to have children who are athletic. Studies show that athleticism may be in the genes, but there are also other external factors that may impact a child's athletic success.
A free way to assess and improve your athletic prowess is to adapt your training to suit your current physical form, or, somatotype. A somatotype is another term for 'body type' and according to the Heath-Carter formula, there are three clearly defined somatotypes called ectomorph, endomorph and mesomorph. Although there are three definable types, people are almost always a combination of the three.
Plus, individuals can often train their bodies making it possible to transition back and forth between the different types. They have a very fast metabolism but also struggle to put on muscle, often resulting in flat chests and light muscle definition. They have a fast metabolism, but also have very responsive muscular cells that enable fast and well defined muscle growth.
The reason this is important is because each somatotype responds differently to the same physical training and diets. If you want to become a successful athlete, you should adapt your training to the body types you relate to most, otherwise you risk a lot of hard work for no real gain.
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