The other way makes use of Subversion's directory property support and is more tightly bound to the versioned tree itself, and therefore affects everyone who has a working copy of that tree. Both of the mechanisms use file patterns strings of literal and special wildcard characters used to match against filenames to decide which files to ignore. The Subversion runtime configuration system provides an option, global-ignores , whose value is a whitespace-delimited collection of file patterns.
The Subversion client checks these patterns against the names of the files that are candidates for addition to version control, as well as to unversioned files that the svn status command notices. If any file's name matches one of the patterns, Subversion will basically act as if the file didn't exist at all. File patterns also called globs or shell wildcard patterns are strings of characters that are intended to be matched against filenames, typically for the purpose of quickly selecting some subset of similar files from a larger grouping without having to explicitly name each file.
The patterns contain two types of characters: regular characters, which are compared explicitly against potential matches, and special wildcard characters, which are interpreted differently for matching purposes. There are different types of file pattern syntaxes, but Subversion uses the one most commonly found in Unix systems implemented as the fnmatch system function.
It supports the following wildcards, described here simply for your convenience:. Begins a character class definition terminated by ] , used for matching a subset of characters. You can see this same pattern matching behavior at a Unix shell prompt.
The following are some examples of patterns being used for various things:. File pattern matching is a bit more complex than what we've described here, but this basic usage level tends to suit the majority of Subversion users. When found on a versioned directory, the svn:ignore property is expected to contain a list of newline-delimited file patterns that Subversion should use to determine ignorable objects in that same directory.
These patterns do not override those found in the global-ignores runtime configuration option, but are instead appended to that list. And it's worth noting again that, unlike the global-ignores option, the patterns found in the svn:ignore property apply only to the directory on which that property is set, and not to any of its subdirectories.
The svn:ignore property is a good way to tell Subversion to ignore files that are likely to be present in every user's working copy of that directory, such as compiler output or—to use an example more appropriate to this book—the HTML, PDF, or PostScript files generated as the result of a conversion of some source DocBook XML files to a more legible output format.
A wrong path indeed. But I think that the steps I did to find this might be useful to others, so I'll report them here. After removing that all worked like a charm. I still can't understand what happened it used to work in the past and I'm almost sure I didn't change anything. SVN - Skipped paths. Asked 4 Months ago Answers: 5 Viewed 72 times.
The second syntax can be used as a shorthand for situations when you're comparing two different revisions of the same URL. The last syntax shows how the working-copy argument is optional; if omitted, it defaults to the current directory.
Merging changes sounds simple enough, but in practice it can become a headache. The problem is that if you repeatedly merge changes from one branch to another, you might accidentally merge the same change twice. When this happens, sometimes things will work fine.
When patching a file, Subversion typically notices if the file already has the change, and does nothing. But if the already-existing change has been modified in any way, you'll get a conflict.
Ideally, your version control system should prevent the double-application of changes to a branch. It should automatically remember which changes a branch has already received, and be able to list them for you.
It should use this information to help automate merges as much as possible. Unfortunately, Subversion is not such a system; it does not yet record any information about merge operations. What does this mean to you, the user? It means that until the day Subversion grows this feature, you'll have to track merge information yourself.
The best place to do this is in the commit log-message. As demonstrated in prior examples, it's recommended that your log-message mention a specific revision number or range of revisions that are being merged into your branch. Later on, you can run svn log to review which changes your branch already contains.
This will allow you to carefully construct a subsequent svn merge command that won't be redundant with previously ported changes.
First, always remember to do your merge into a working copy that has no local edits and has been recently updated. Assuming your working copy is tidy, merging isn't a particularly high-risk operation.
If you get the merge wrong the first time, simply svn revert the changes and try again. If you've merged into a working copy that already has local modifications, the changes applied by a merge will be mixed with your pre-existing ones, and running svn revert is no longer an option.
The two sets of changes may be impossible to separate. In cases like this, people take comfort in being able to predict or examine merges before they happen.
One simple way to do that is to run svn diff with the same arguments you plan to pass to svn merge , as we already showed in our first example of merging. Another method of previewing is to pass the --dry-run option to the merge command:. The --dry-run option doesn't actually apply any local changes to the working copy.
It only shows status codes that would be printed in a real merge. Just like the svn update command, svn merge applies changes to your working copy.
And therefore it's also capable of creating conflicts. The conflicts produced by svn merge , however, are sometimes different, and this section explains those differences. To begin with, assume that your working copy has no local edits. The server produces the delta by comparing two trees: a virtual snapshot of your working copy, and the revision tree you're interested in. Because the left-hand side of the comparison is exactly equal to what you already have, the delta is guaranteed to correctly convert your working copy into the right-hand tree.
But svn merge has no such guarantees and can be much more chaotic: the user can ask the server to compare any two trees at all, even ones that are unrelated to the working copy! This means there's large potential for human error. Users will sometimes compare the wrong two trees, creating a delta that doesn't apply cleanly. In the previous example it might be the case that baz. When this happens, it's easy to recursively revert all the changes created by the merge svn revert --recursive , delete any unversioned files or directories left behind after the revert, and re-run svn merge with different arguments.
Also notice that the previous example shows a conflict happening on glorb. If the first range of changes creates conflicts, you must resolve them interactively for the merge process to continue and apply the second range of changes. If you postpone a conflict from the first wave of changes, the whole merge command will bail out with an error message and you must resolve the conflict before running the merge a second time to get the remainder of the changes.
A word of warning: while svn diff and svn merge are very similar in concept, they do have different syntax in many cases. Be sure to read about them in svn Reference—Subversion Command-Line Client for details, or ask svn help. For example, svn merge requires a working copy path as a target, that is, a place where it should apply the generated patch.
If the target isn't specified, it assumes you are trying to perform one of the following common operations:. You want to merge the changes in a specific file into a file by the same name that exists in your current working directory.
If you are merging a directory and haven't specified a target path, svn merge assumes the first case and tries to apply the changes into your current directory. If you are merging a file, and that file or a file by the same name exists in your current working directory, svn merge assumes the second case and tries to apply the changes to a local file with the same name. You've now seen some examples of the svn merge command, and you're about to see several more.
If you're feeling confused about exactly how merging works, you're not alone. Many users especially those new to version control are initially perplexed about the proper syntax of the command and about how and when the feature should be used. But fear not, this command is actually much simpler than you think! There's a very easy technique for understanding exactly how svn merge behaves.
The main source of confusion is the name of the command. That's not the case. A better name for the command might have been svn diff-and-apply , because that's all that happens: two repository trees are compared, and the differences are applied to a working copy. If you're using svn merge to do basic copying of changes between branches, an automatic merge will generally do the right thing. For example, a command such as the following,.
The command is smart enough to only duplicate changes that your working copy doesn't yet have. If you choose to use the svn merge command in all its full glory by giving it specific revision ranges to duplicate, the command takes three main arguments:.
An initial repository tree often called the left side of the comparison. A final repository tree often called the right side of the comparison. A working copy to accept the differences as local changes often called the target of the merge. Once these three arguments are specified, then the two trees are compared and the differences applied to the target working copy as local modifications.
When the command is done, the results are no different than if you had hand-edited the files or run various svn add or svn delete commands yourself. If you like the results, you can commit them. If you don't like the results, you can simply svn revert all of the changes. The syntax of svn merge allows you to specify the three necessary arguments rather flexibly.
Here are some examples:. The first syntax lays out all three arguments explicitly, naming each tree in the form URL REV and naming the working copy target. The second syntax is used as a shorthand for situations when you're comparing two different revisions of the same URL. The last syntax shows how the working copy argument is optional; if omitted, it defaults to the current directory.
The next section talks a bit more about this. Subversion tries to generate merge metadata whenever it can, to make future invocations of svn merge smarter. There are still situations, however, where svn:mergeinfo data is not created or changed. Remember to be a bit wary of these scenarios:. If you ask svn merge to compare two URLs that aren't related to each other, a patch is still generated and applied to your working copy, but no merging metadata is created.
At the time of this writing, Subversion has no way of representing different repository URLs within the svn:mergeinfo property. If this option is passed to svn merge , it causes the merging logic to mindlessly generate differences the same way that svn diff does, ignoring any historical relationships.
If this technique is used to undo a change to an object's personal history e. While implicit mergeinfo is largely an implementation detail, it can be a useful abstraction for understanding merge tracking behavior. With each new revision added to the repository, the natural history—and thus, implicit mergeinfo—of the branch continues to expand to include those revisions until the day the branch is deleted.
Here's what the implicit mergeinfo of our branch would look like when the HEAD revision of the repository had grown to Implicit mergeinfo does not actually show up in the svn:mergeinfo property, but Subversion acts as if it does.
After all, avoiding repeated merges of changes is the primary goal of Subversion's merge tracking feature! Just like the svn update command, svn merge applies changes to your working copy. And therefore it's also capable of creating conflicts.
The conflicts produced by svn merge , however, are sometimes different, and this section explains those differences. To begin with, assume that your working copy has no local edits.
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